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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nunc faucibus risus id massa tempus rutrum. Nulla cursus pharetra fringilla. Duis in mauris sit amet risus placerat gravida accumsan a dolor. Nullam non tortor mauris. Donec tortor ligula, faucibus eget sagittis id, semper vel massa. Vestibulum dictum, purus in rutrum interdum, enim est tincidunt ante, et porta nisi nibh eget elit. Nulla ullamcorper lacinia eros, eu malesuada tellus lobortis at. Ut vel tellus vel lacus imperdiet eleifend quis bibendum magna.


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Phasellus lacinia dictum odio et bibendum. Morbi malesuada leo et mi tincidunt rutrum mattis a leo. Nam non turpis venenatis dolor vulputate accumsan. Fusce nec est et libero pretium tincidunt sed at turpis. Ut in enim tortor, vel sollicitudin neque. Nulla in nunc justo, sit amet interdum nisi. Etiam velit dui, consectetur id molestie sollicitudin, lobortis vel dolor. Sed id nisl justo. Praesent sagittis magna vitae ligula cursus facilisis. Duis id lacinia nisl. Suspendisse eget leo diam. Nulla diam ante, aliquet eget scelerisque eget, aliquam ut est. Praesent aliquam tempor orci, at congue augue dapibus vel. Sed tristique convallis fringilla. In velit nulla, convallis a molestie at, porttitor vitae ipsum.


Nunc in mollis tellus. Etiam condimentum iaculis lorem scelerisque malesuada. Nullam interdum nisi at sem porta quis blandit diam pulvinar. Sed vehicula rhoncus nulla, eget convallis mi vulputate quis. Mauris aliquet metus ut erat semper scelerisque. Duis lobortis sem ac nibh tincidunt condimentum. Vivamus aliquet est lorem, ac consequat risus. Maecenas diam sapien, convallis sed euismod non, ultrices vitae purus. Praesent felis augue, adipiscing et rutrum feugiat, porta nec libero. Quisque dignissim, tellus eu dignissim pellentesque, nisl leo mattis mauris, vitae porta elit elit non quam. Praesent non nunc mauris. Pellentesque lacus mauris, dictum vitae tempus sed, molestie gravida eros. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Praesent bibendum sodales rutrum. Aenean ut tristique libero.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nunc faucibus risus id massa tempus rutrum. Nulla cursus pharetra fringilla. Duis in mauris sit amet risus placerat gravida accumsan a dolor. Nullam non tortor mauris. Donec tortor ligula, faucibus eget sagittis id, semper vel massa. Vestibulum dictum, purus in rutrum interdum, enim est tincidunt ante, et porta nisi nibh eget elit. Nulla ullamcorper lacinia eros, eu malesuada tellus lobortis at. Ut vel tellus vel lacus imperdiet eleifend quis bibendum magna. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras at neque ut ipsum dignissim ullamcorper quis sed mi. Donec at tristique mauris. Etiam ac nulla erat. Curabitur gravida cursus elit quis sodales. Nulla in purus risus. Suspendisse neque mauris, tempor vel ornare vitae, lacinia in felis. Aliquam ac sagittis metus. Vivamus mollis venenatis tortor vitae tincidunt. Ut laoreet pretium libero a auctor. Cras laoreet massa ut turpis pellentesque lacinia. Maecenas pellentesque, felis vitae scelerisque volutpat, sem tortor scelerisque est, eu dignissim metus felis vel lorem. Proin ipsum leo, laoreet vitae dignissim id, gravida ac justo. Pellentesque fringilla lacus ut erat tristique accumsan. Praesent lectus arcu, iaculis nec dictum eu, ultrices gravida felis. Ut eget leo at ligula sollicitudin mollis. Aliquam eget nisi nulla. Maecenas dictum, sapien eget lacinia porttitor, tortor ligula porta metus, vitae imperdiet metus mauris sit amet odio. Phasellus id libero consequat sapien imperdiet feugiat ac sed nulla. Sed cursus risus non mi ultrices viverra. Nulla facilisi. Aliquam ultrices justo ac augue auctor euismod. Cras posuere tempor dapibus. Aenean ac nulla magna, ut gravida tellus. Duis sit amet lectus ac urna ullamcorper tincidunt nec eget tortor. Praesent sit amet ante ligula, vitae rutrum sem. Nullam cursus suscipit neque rhoncus tempor. Phasellus lacinia dictum odio et bibendum. Morbi malesuada leo et mi tincidunt rutrum mattis a leo. Nam non turpis venenatis dolor vulputate accumsan. Fusce nec est et libero pretium tincidunt sed at turpis. Ut in enim tortor, vel sollicitudin neque. Nulla in nunc justo, sit amet interdum nisi. Etiam velit dui, consectetur id molestie sollicitudin, lobortis vel dolor. Sed id nisl justo. Praesent sagittis magna vitae ligula cursus facilisis. Duis id lacinia nisl. Suspendisse eget leo diam. Nulla diam ante, aliquet eget scelerisque eget, aliquam ut est. Praesent aliquam tempor orci, at congue augue dapibus vel. Sed tristique convallis fringilla. In velit nulla, convallis a molestie at, porttitor vitae ipsum. Nunc in mollis tellus. Etiam condimentum iaculis lorem scelerisque malesuada. Nullam interdum nisi at sem porta quis blandit diam pulvinar. Sed vehicula rhoncus nulla, eget convallis mi vulputate quis. Mauris aliquet metus ut erat semper scelerisque. Duis lobortis sem ac nibh tincidunt condimentum. Vivamus aliquet est lorem, ac consequat risus. Maecenas diam sapien, convallis sed euismod non, ultrices vitae purus. Praesent felis augue, adipiscing et rutrum feugiat, porta nec libero. Quisque dignissim, tellus eu dignissim pellentesque, nisl leo mattis mauris, vitae porta elit elit non quam. Praesent non nunc mauris. Pellentesque lacus mauris, dictum vitae tempus sed, molestie gravida eros. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Praesent bibendum sodales rutrum. Aenean ut tristique libero.

thermodynamics N stuff

Thermodynamics is the branch of physical science concerned with heat and its relation to other forms of energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables (such as temperature, entropy, and pressure) that describe average properties of material bodies and radiation, and explains how they are related and by what laws they change with time. Thermodynamics does not describe the microscopic constituents of matter, and its laws can be derived from statistical mechanics.


Thermodynamics can be applied to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, such as engines, phase transitions, chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and even black holes. The results of thermodynamics are essential for other fields of physics and for chemistry, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, cell biology, biomedical engineering, materials science, and are useful for other fields such as economics.[1][2]


Much of the empirical content of thermodynamics is contained in its four laws. The first law specifies that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat and thermodynamic work.[3] The second law concerns a quantity called entropy, that expresses limitations, arising from what is known as irreversibility, on the amount of thermodynamic work that can be delivered to an external system by a thermodynamic process.[4]


Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that the efficiency of heat engines was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars.[5] Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854:[6]


Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency.


Initially, the thermodynamics of heat engines concerned mainly the thermal properties of their 'working materials', such as steam. This concern was then linked to the study of energy transfers in chemical processes, for example to the investigation, published in 1840, of the heats of chemical reactions[7] by Germain Hess, which was not originally explicitly concerned with the relation between energy exchanges by heat and work. Chemical thermodynamics studies the role of entropy in chemical reactions.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Also, statistical thermodynamics, or statistical mechanics, gave explanations of macroscopic thermodynamics by statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles based on the mechanics of their microscopic behavior.

Test post

I like things and such. Here's some copypasta from wikipedia articles I have open.



Transcellular fluid is the portion of total body water contained within epithelial lined spaces. It is the smallest component of extracellular fluid, which also includes interstitial fluid and plasma. It is often not calculated as a fraction of the extracellular fluid, but it is about 2.5% of the total body water. Examples of this fluid are cerebrospinal fluid, and ocular fluid, joint fluid, and bladder urine.[1]